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Different data values appear in impossible combinations.
The indicator certain contradictions is to be applied, if a combination of data values is impossible either due to logical reasons or because of the underlying empirical knowledge.
Examples of logical contradictions are:
age recorded at baseline cannot be smaller than age recorded at follow-up
the date of hospital admission is after the date of a hospital release
The end time of some examination is before the starting time
Birth dates of the same person vary across different examination waves
Any logical contradictions implies the necessity to conduct some data cleaning because at least one of the data values must be wrong with certainty.
The higher the number or percentage of certain contradictions the lower the data quality.
Nonnemacher M, Nasseh D, Stausberg J. Datenqualität in der medizinischen Forschung: Leitlinie zum Adaptiven Datenmanagement in Kohortenstudien und Registern. Berlin: TMF e.V..; 2014.
Stausberg J, Bauer U, Nasseh D, et al. Indicators of data quality: review and requirements from the perspective of networked medical research MIBE 2019;15(1):1-8.